Lamb to the Slaughter - Roald Dahl
Genre: Contemporary Realistic Fiction
Point of
View: Third Person Omniscient
Devices
used: Dramatic Irony, Situational Irony,
Black Humour
Dramatic
Irony: the author causes a character
(acting as the author's mouthpiece) to speak or act in a way contrary to the
truth. This technique highlights the literal facts by portraying a fictional
person who is strikingly ignorant of them.
Situational
Irony: a factual truth highlighted by a
character's complete ignorance of it or his belief in the opposite of it. Such
situations are deliberately used to emphasize facts and to taunt humans for not
being aware of them — when they could easily have been enlightened.
Black humour is the use of the grotesque, morbid, or
absurd for darkly comic purposes. Black humor became widespread in popular
culture, especially in literature and film, beginning in the 1950s; it remains
popular toward the end of the twentieth century. Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22
(1961) is one of the best-known examples in American fiction. The short stories
of James Thurber and the stories and novels of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. also offer
examples. The image of the cheerful housewife suddenly smashing her husband’s
skull with the frozen joint of meat is farcically quite disturbing.
Summary of the Plot
Dahl
commences with a picture of static coziness in a middle-class, domestic
setting. Mary Maloney, six months pregnant, waits for her policeman husband
Patrick Maloney to come home from work. The scene emphasizes domesticity: ‘‘The
room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn.’’ Matching chairs, lamps, glasses,
and whisky, soda, and ice cubes await.Mary watches the clock, smiling quietly
to herself as each minute brings her husband closer to home. When he arrives,
she takes his coat and hangs it in the closet. The couple sits and drinks in
silence—Mary comfortable with the knowledge that Patrick does not like to talk
much until after the first drink. So by deliberate design, everything seems
normal until Mary notices that Patrick drains most of his drink in a single
swallow, and then pours himself another, very strong drink. Mary offers to fix
dinner and serve it to him so that he does not have to leave his chair,
although they usually dine out on Thursdays. She also offers to prepare a
snack. Patrick declines all her offers of food. The reader becomes aware of a
tension which escapes Mary’s full notice.
Patrick
confronts Mary and makes a speech, only the upshot of which is given
explicitly: ‘‘So there it is. . . . And I know it’s a kind of bad time to be
telling you, but there simply wasn’t any other way. Of course, I’ll give you
money and see you’re looked after. But there needn’t really be any fuss.’’ For
reasons which Dahl does not make explicit, Patrick has decided to leave his
pregnant wife.
Mary
goes into shock. At first she wonders if she imagined the whole thing. She
moves automatically to retrieve something from the basement freezer and prepare
supper. She returns with a frozen leg of lamb to find Patrick standing by a
window with his back to her. Hearing her come in, he tells her not to make
supper for him, that he is going out. With no narrative notice of any emotional
transformation, Mary walks up to him and brings the frozen joint of meat down
‘‘as hard as she could’’ on his head. Patrick falls dead.
She
emerges from her shock to feel panic. Do the courts sentence pregnant women to
death? Do they execute both mother and child? Do they wait until the tenth
month? Not wanting to take a chance on her child’s life, she immediately begins
setting up an alibi. She puts the lamb in the oven to cook, washes her hands,
and tidies her hair and makeup. She hurries to her usual grocery store, telling
the grocer, Sam, that she needed potatoes and peas because Patrick did not want
to eat out and she was ‘‘caught . . . without any vegetables in the house.’’ In
a moment of truly black comedy, the grocer asks about dessert: ‘‘How about
afterwards? What are you going to give him for afterwards?’’ and she agrees to
a slice of cheesecake. On her way home, she mentally prepares herself to be
shocked by anything tragic or terrible she might find.
When
she sees her husband’s corpse again, she remembers how much she once loved him,
and her tears of loss are genuine. She is sincerely distraught when she calls
the local police station—the one where Patrick has worked—to report what she
has found. Mary knows the policemen who report to the crime scene, and she
casts Sergeant Jack Noonan in the role of her comforter. A doctor, police
photographer, fingerprint expert, and two detectives join the investigation,
while Noonan periodically checks on Mary. She tells her story again, from the
beginning: Patrick came home, was too tired to go out for supper, so she left
him relaxing at home while she started the lamb cooking and then ran out for
vegetables. One detective checks with the grocer, who confirms Mary’s account.
No one seems to seriously consider her a suspect. The focus of the
investigation in on finding the murder weapon— which must be a large, heavy
blunt instrument. The detectives ask Mary about tools, and she professes
ignorance but says that there may be some out in the garage. She remains in a
chair while the house is searched.
Noonan
tries to persuade Mary to stay somewhere else for the night, but she refuses.
She asks him to bring her a drink and suggests that he have one too. Eventually
all of the police investigators are standing around, sipping drinks, tired from
their fruitless search. Noonan notices that the oven is still on and the lamb
has finished cooking. Mary thanks him for turning the oven off and then asks
her dead husband’s gathered colleagues–knowing that they have worked long past
their own mealtimes—to eat the dinner she had fixed for Patrick. She could not
eat a thing, she tells them, but Patrick would want her to offer them ‘‘decent
hospitality,’’ especially as they are the men who will catch her husband’s
killer.
The
final scene of the story concerns the policemen eating in the kitchen and
discussing the case while Mary listens from the living room. The men agree that
the killer probably discarded the massive murder weapon almost immediately, and
predict that they will find it on the premises. Another theorizes that the
weapon is probably ‘‘right under our very noses.’’
Themes
Betrayal
‘‘Lamb to the Slaughter’’ tells of at least one betrayal: Patrick Maloney’s unexplained decision to leave his pregnant wife. This violation of the marriage-vow is obviously not the only betrayal in the story, however. Mary’s killing of her husband is perhaps the ultimate betrayal. Her elaborately planned alibi and convincing lies to the detectives also constitute betrayal.Identity
Dahl plays with the notion of identity both at the level of popular psychology and at a somewhat more philosophical, or perhaps anthropological, level. At the level of popular psychology, Dahl makes it clear through his description of the Maloney household that Mary has internalized the bourgeois, or middle class, ideal of a young mid-twentieth century housewife, maintaining a tidy home and catering to her husband; pouring drinks when the man finishes his day is a gesture that comes from movies and magazines of the day. Mary’s sudden murderous action shatters the image that we have of her and that she seems to have of herself. Dahl demonstrates, in the deadly fall of the frozen joint, that ‘‘identity’’ can be fragile. (Once she shatters her own identity, Mary must carefully reconstruct it for protective purposes, as when she sets up an alibi by feigning a normal conversation with the grocer.) In the anthropological sense, Dahl appears to suggest that, in essence, human beings are fundamentally nasty and brutish creatures capable of precipitate and bloody acts. Then there are the police detectives, who pride themselves on their ability to solve a crime, but whom Mary sweetly tricks into consuming the main exhibit. Their identity, or at least their competency, is thrown into doubt.Love and Passion
At the beginning of ‘‘Lamb to the Slaughter,’’ Mary Maloney feels love and physical passion for her husband Patrick. She luxuriates in his presence, in the ‘‘warm male glow that came out of him to her,’’ and adores the way he sits, walks, and behaves. Even far along into her pregnancy, she hurries to greet him, and waits on him hand and foot—much more attentively, it appears from his reactions, than he would like. Patrick is presumably motivated to leave his wife by an overriding passion for something or someone else. Mary’s mention of his failure to advance at work, and his own wish that she not make a ‘‘fuss’’ about their separation because ‘‘It wouldn’t be very good for my job’’ indicate that it may be professional success that he desires. His treatment of his wife does not suggest that he loves her.Passivity
The concept of passivity figures in the story. The first pages of the story portray Mary’s existence as almost mindlessly passive: she sits and watches the clock, thinking that each minute brings her husband closer to her. She is content to watch him closely and try to anticipate his moods and needs. Patrick’s predictability up to this point is part of this passivity. The two are living a clockwork life against which, in some way, each ultimately rebels. Passivity appears as the repression of passion, and passion finds a way to reassert itself.Justice and Injustice
The question of justice and injustice is directly related to the question of revenge. ‘‘Lamb to the Slaughter’’ narrates a train of injustices, beginning with Patrick’s betrayal of Mary and their marriage, peaking with Mary’s killing of Patrick, and finding its denouement in Mary’s deception of the investigating officers. Patrick acts unjustly (or so it must be assumed on the basis of the evidence) in announcing his abandonment of Mary, for this breaks the wedding oath; Mary acts unustly, in a way far exceeding her husband’s injustice, in killing Patrick, and she compounds the injustice by concealing it from the authorities.Commentary
“Lamb to The Slaughter” may be an easy read to
understand its literal meaning, but one needs to go little further than this to
derive the true meaning the story has to convey. In order to understand their
meanings that lie concealed in the title’s depth, the reader should be
sensitive to scan the crux of the story. Otherwise, one may get easily misled.
The theme of deception is in fact introduced
in the title itself. ‘Lamb to The Slaughter’ is not to be understood as the
usual gentle lamb which is taken to the slaughter house, but as the lamb with
immense potential to slaughter its butcher.
The protagonist of the story, Mrs. Maloney is
an ideal wife who loves her husband from the core of her heart and counts every
single second of his presence to be precious. She is no doubt a lady with
lamb-like character with gentleness, docility, devotion and homeliness, but she
is also the most jovial person as long as she is with Patrick, her husband. She
is also projected as a person who can do anything for her husband’s sake.
Contrarily, as deception unfolds its menace
she is naturally forced to drive to the other side of her human nature. She is
extraordinarily alerted when she realizes that her true love for him is taken
too far to be treated as of no value. Gradually her passion of anger,
frustration and disappointment blindfold her to commit the most deadly scene
that she could never imagine otherwise. The dreadful action takes place within
a flicker of time.
It is the total deception of Patrick that
leads to this gruesome act in the house that had no forebodings in the past. It
is this inhuman character of her dear husband that shakes her faith and totally
blinds her to wildly avenge for his deed. Understanding the magnitude of the
matter, most women in her situation would go into that degree of frenzy.
The theme of deception takes its double fold,
when Maloney embarks on revenge. She not only shocks her husband to death but
the readers too, when she turns out to be like a tigress with her strategic
forays.
Once she realizes that she is into an affair
there is no going back for her. So she wittily plans to deceive everybody
involved in the matter. There is no exception for the detectives. Why should
she trust others when she knows her most trusted person failed to hold
accountability. In that regard she even succeeds in making the detectives eat
away the whole meat club which is the testimony of her crime that would have
darkened the rest of her life.
At the end, Mrs. Maloney becomes a good
deceiver as she successfully deceives many
besides her husband who deceived her
at first, hence the title, ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’.
Justification of the Title:
The story ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ is a story that presents
human characters with all its vices and virtues, with all its positive and
negative qualities blended together. The story begins with Mary Maloney, six
months pregnant and a very affectionate and devoted wife eagerly waiting for
her policeman husband Patrick Maloney. She is an exemplary housewife
maintaining her house neat and clean and willingly doing everything for the
comfort and happiness of her husband. Every day she eagerly waits for the
return of her husband. Thus we can comfortably say that she symbolises a lamb –
an innocent and gentle creature. But when she realizes that everything was over
from her husband’s side and that he has decided to leave her and break their
marriage she immediately decides, out of extreme frustration and anger’ to
slaughter her husband. After killing her husband she does not feel sad, nor does
she regret her action. Rather she cleverly makes a perfect alibi to save
herself from all the consequences of her crime and she becomes successful too.
Thus the title of the story is very appropriate and suitable.
From other point of view too, the title appears to be very
suitable. Patrick Maloney, the husband, too can be considered to be a lamb. As
people often kill a lamb without any fuss or warning so he has been slaughtered
by his wife without any warning or fuss. Therefore the title, once again, seems
to be appropriate. However we should not forget that keeping his monstrous
actions in mind – his decision to leave his wife when she is so caring and
loving and at the time when she is six months pregnant – it is difficult to
associate him with such an innocent creature as lamb. Thus his association with
lamb could be valid only for his slaughter like a lamb.
And lastly we should not forget that a lamb (leg) has been
used in this story as the tool, as the weapon for the murder and hence from
this point of view too, the title of the story is very much appropriate.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERS:
Mary Maloney:
Mary Maloney is the central character or
the protagonist of this story. In this story her character is the one that
presents all the aspects that may be associated with a human character. Her
character has been developed very skillfully in this story by the author to
bring out all the possible aspects of a human character. She is gentle and a
loving housewife who is six months pregnant and eagerly waiting for her husband
in the evening. She exhibits all the qualities of a caring and loving
housewife. She maintains her house neatly, she enjoys and longs for the company
of her husband, and she is willing to do everything to comfort and please her
husband. Till this point she is such a nice and lovable character. But then the
shocking decision or her husband to end their marriage changes her completely.
She appears to be an innocent victim in the hand of her husband. But then
everything changes. The victim turns out to be a clever and smart villain.
Immediately she decides to take revenge and kill her husband by hitting him on
the head with a frozen leg of a lamb. After the killing she does not feel any
sadness or regret. Rather she crafts a clever alibi, for the sake of herself
and her unborn child, to deceive the police investigation and she accomplishes
this task with clinical precision. Thus we find all the human aspects and
qualities such as love, faithfulness, anger, frustration, revenge and deception
have been blended in one character of Mary Maloney.
Patrick Maloney:
Patrick Maloney could very well be
described as a villain in this story who ultimately ends up to be the final
victim by being ruthlessly slaughtered. He is senior detective and husband of
Mary Maloney. More than this nothing much has been said about him in this
story. But by analysing the incidents of this story we can say that he is not
as much in love with his wife as she is with him. Moreover he appears to be
unkind and unreasonable too, otherwise he would have chosen some better time to
leave his wife and end up their marriage. His wife is six months pregnant when
he tells her about his decision to leave her. This proves him to be
irresponsible not only for his wife but also for his unborn child. However he
is not a seasoned villain as he assures her to keep on helping her financially
even after the break. This only proves that he had some sense of responsibility
left in him and whatever had happened between the two was just a case of failed
marriage. Further he also appears to have underestimated his wife. He had never
thought that his wife could be so revengeful and that she could even kill him.
Ultimately he happens to be a character that appears in the story like a
villain but ends up as a victim.
Questions and Answers
- ‘Mary Maloney appears to be a very faithful and affectionate wife in the beginning of the story.’ Analyze/elaborate this statement with appropriate supporting argument.
Or
- Describe Mary Maloney eagerly waiting for her husband in the evening at home.
Mary Maloney loved her husband dearly and always enjoyed his
company. As usual that day too she was eagerly waiting for her husband in her
drawing room. She had already made the necessary arrangement and had set the
room neatly for his drinks upon his return from duty. She was sewing but at the
same time she was often and anxiously looking outside expecting her husband to
reach any moment. Even though she was pregnant for six months she did not show
any sign of lethargy or laziness while setting the room for her husband. This
clearly shows that she was a loving and affectionate wife eagerly waiting for
her husband to return home after his duty as a police detective.
- What was unusual about Patrick Maloney that day?
Patrick Maloney appeared quite tired and exhausted when he
reached home in the evening. There was no sign of excitement to come back home
and be with his loving and caring wife once again. He took his first drink in
hurry and declined his wife’s offer for the second; rather he himself took his
second drink which was quite unusual. He was also appearing tense and unsound.
He did not talk with his wife enthusiastically. He also appeared to be in a
hurry. These things were quite unusual about him that day.
- What was it that shocked Mary Maloney and how did she react to that shocking information?
Though nothing has been revealed clearly in the story about
the shocking information but from the happenings in the story we can very
clearly guess that Patrick Maloney had told her about his intention to leave
her and end their marriage. Initially she simply could not believe what she had
heard. She wished that all that she had heard was a nightmare and everything
would be alright once she got up. She tried to divert the talk and his
attention from the topic by making so many offers of eating something but he
declined every offer and very clearly expressed his intention to leave her and
go out that evening itself. By then she had already come back to the drawing
room from the grocery with the frozen leg of lamb with her intention to cook.
At that moment he was standing near the window and looking outside with his
back towards her. Once again he expressed his intention very clearly. She,
then, reached behind him, swung the frozen leg of lamb with her both hands and
with all her might and hit him hard on the back of his head. This powerful blow
ultimately killed him instantly.
- In what way their Thursdays used to be different from other days?
- How did Mary create the alibi for her? Or
- How did Mary handle the situation after killing her husband?
After realizing that she had killed her husband, Mary Maloney
behaved like and experienced and seasoned criminal in the story. She did not
panic at all. Rather she started preparing a strong alibi for her defence
against the investigating authority. Firstly she put the murder weapon – the
frozen leg of lamb – into the oven for cooking, thereby destroying the weapon
used for murder. Then she rehearsed in front of mirror to appear normal and to
talk normally. After thorough rehearsal she took her bag and went for shopping.
There she deliberately talked about her husband being tired and her intention
to cook a nice supper at home rather than going out as they used to go every
Thursday. By doing this she created a very strong testimony to prove that she
was out for shopping at the time of murder. Then coolly she came back from the
market and called the cops informing them about the murder. Upon the arrival of
the cops she told that she had gone for the shopping and when she came back she
found her husband dead in the drawing room. The shopkeeper testified her story
to the cops and in this way she was proved out of any doubt for the crime.
- “And in the other room Mary Maloney began to giggle.” Why?
Mary Maloney had offered the lamb chops to those policemen
who were there to investigate the murder of her husband. While eating they were
discussing about the weapon used for the murder. One of them said that the
weapon used must be around somewhere below their nose oblivious of the fact
that they were all busy eating the weapon used for murder and the weapon was
really under their nose. When Mary heard this she started giggling at the
ignorance of those policemen and also at her own shrewdness and success in
hiding her crime without leaving any chance of finding the evidence in the form
of murder weapon even in distant future.
- How does the author use the symbol of ‘lamb’ ironically in this story?
Biblically ‘lamb’ is the symbol of peace and innocence. It is
such a gentle and innocent animal that violence cannot be attached with it. But
in this story the author has used the lamb as the weapon for murder and it
becomes a symbol of violence, murder, death, and something that is dangerous
and dreadful. This is how the author has ironically used the symbol of peace
and innocence as the weapon of murder and an instrument of death.
Further the lamb chop offered to all the investigating
policemen and their discussing about the weapon of murder while eating the same
presents a very fine example of dramatic irony and black humour.
1 Comments
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